
Valerian Palace: The Roman Emperor's Gilded Prison in Sasanian Iran
Built from dressed limestone by captive Roman legionaries, the Valerian Palace in Bishapur imprisoned Rome's only captured emperor under King Shapur I.
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Built from dressed limestone by captive Roman legionaries, the Valerian Palace in Bishapur imprisoned Rome's only captured emperor under King Shapur I.

Governed by a popular assembly and enriched by Hanseatic trade, medieval Veliky Novgorod built a literate merchant republic on the Volkhov River.

Perched high above the Drino Valley, Albania's Gjirokastër Fortress preserves centuries of Byzantine, Ottoman, and Cold War military history in stone.