ottoman-empire

Perched over Croatia's Cetina River canyon, the 15th-century stronghold of Fort Nutjak marked the knife-edge frontier between Venice and the Ottoman Empire.

In May 1919, Allied warships escorted Greek troops into Smyrna. Forty months later, an ancient cosmopolitan civilization dissolved into ash and sea.

Perched above the Bregava River, the medieval citadel of Vidoški survived Ottoman sieges and Austro-Hungarian artillery overhauls in southern Herzegovina.